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This article lists some vocabulary of Vulgar Latin. == Historical overview == Like all languages, Latin possessed numerous synonyms that were associated with different speech registers. Some of these words were in the everyday language from the time of Old Latin, while others were borrowed late into Latin from other languages: Germanic, Gaulish, the Paleo-Balkan languages preceding Eastern Romance etc. Certain words customarily used in Classical Latin were not used in Vulgar Latin, such as ''equus'', "horse". Instead, Vulgar Latin typically featured ''caballus'' "nag" (but note Romanian ''iapă'', Sardinian ''èbba'', Spanish ''yegua'', Catalan ''euga'' and Portuguese ''égua'' all meaning "mare" and deriving from Classical ''equa''). The differences applied even to the basic grammatical particles; many classical have no reflex in Romance, such as ''an, at, autem, dōnec, enim, ergō, etiam, haud, igitur, ita, nam, postquam, quidem, quīn, quod, quoque, sed, utrum'' and ''vel''.〔Harrington et al. (1997).〕 Verbs with prefixed prepositions frequently displaced simple forms. The number of words formed by such suffixes as ''-bilis'', ''-ārius'', ''-itāre'' and ''-icāre'' grew apace. Some Romance languages preserve Latin words that were lost in most others. For example, Italian ''ogni'' ("each/every") and Sardinian "ondzi" preserves Latin ''omnes''. Other languages use exclusively cognates of ''tōtus'' (originally "entire") for the same meaning; ''tudo''/''todo'' in Portuguese, ''todo'' in Spanish, ''tot'' in Catalan, ''tout'' in French and ''tot'' in Romanian. The plural ''tutti'' in Italian means "all", and the singular ''tutto'' still means "entire". Sometimes a Classical Latin word appears in a Romance language alongside the equivalent Vulgar Latin word: classical ''caput'', "head", and vulgar ''testa'' (originally "pot") in Italian, French and Catalan. In Romanian ''cap'' means 'head' in the anatomical sense, but ''țeastă'' means skull or carapace,〔From the online Romanian Explanatory Dictionary ()〕 while ''țest'' means "pot" or "lid".〔From the online Romanian Explanatory Dictionary ()〕 Some southern Italian dialects preserve ''capo'' as the normal word for "head". Spanish and Portuguese have ''cabeza''/''cabeça'', derived from *''capetia'', a modified form of ''caput'', but in Portuguese ''testa'' is the word for "forehead". Frequently, words borrowed directly from literary Latin at some later date, rather than evolved within Vulgar Latin, are found side by side with the evolved form. The (lack of) expected phonetic developments is a clue that one word has been borrowed. For example, Vulgar Latin ''fungus'', "fungus, mushroom", which became Italian ''fungo'', Catalan ''fong'', and Portuguese ''fungo'', became ''hongo'' in Spanish, showing the ''f'' > ''h'' shift that was common in early Spanish (cf. ''fīlius'' > Spanish ''hijo'', "son", ''facere'' > Spanish ''hacer'', "to do"). But Spanish also had ''fungo'', which by its lack of the expected sound shift shows that it was borrowed directly from Latin.〔 Vulgar Latin contained a large number of words of foreign origin not present in literary texts. Many works on medicine were written and distributed in Greek, and words were often borrowed from these sources. For example, ''gamba'' ( 'knee joint' ), originally a veterinary term only, replaced the classical Latin word for leg (''crus'') in most Romance languages. (cf. Fr. jambe, It. gamba). Cooking terms were also often borrowed from Greek sources, a calque based on a Greek term was ''ficatum (iecur)'' (goose's liver fattened with figs, see foie gras for more information), with the participle ''ficatum'' becoming the common word for liver in Vulgar Latin (cf. Sp. ''higado'', Fr. ''foie'', It. ''fegato'', Pt ''fígado'', Romanian ''ficat''). Important religious terms were also drawn from religious texts written in Greek, such as ''episcopus'' (bishop), ''presbyter'' (priest), ''martyr'' etc. Words borrowed from Gaulish include ''caballus'' (horse) and ''carrus'' (chariot). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Vulgar Latin vocabulary」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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